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丈夫传播性病给妻子涉嫌犯罪吗?/杨涛

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丈夫传播性病给妻子涉嫌犯罪吗?
              杨  涛
新婚仅十天,新娘就发现身体出现异常。两个月后,她被确诊感染了严重的性病。此时她才知道,新郎隐瞒了他有6年性病史、一直未能治愈的事实。悲愤之余,她发誓要追究配偶“故意伤害”的刑事责任。据悉,因被传染性病而追究配偶“故意伤害”的刑事责任在国内尚属首次。(《成都商报》5月16日)
可是,这位新娘要追究新郎的刑事责任的道路却不是平坦的。她先到辖区派出所报案,举报新郎对她“故意伤害”,但值班警官称,国内从未有过婚内传染性病追究当事人刑事责任的先例,新郎的行为属于“道德范畴”,其可向其索要民事赔偿,不能立案;她在法院提起刑事自诉,法院收下材料后,但过了一段时间,又全都退还给了她,建议她“先民事后刑事”,其理由也是“此案存在争议”;最后她只能向法院提起民事诉讼。
看来,这位悲愤的新娘要达到其目在实践中却很难。在刑法中,有故意传播性病这一罪名,即明知自己患有梅毒、淋病等严重性病卖淫、嫖娼的,但这一犯罪的行为是发生在卖淫、嫖娼中,新郎的行为却是发生在婚内,并不符合。那么,是否可以以故意伤害罪追究新郎的刑事责任吗?哈尔滨市和石狮市的检察机关都曾经以涉嫌故意伤害罪批捕了为报复恋人,故意将性病传播给恋人的犯罪嫌疑人。在那二起案件中,犯罪嫌疑人报复的动机很明显。但在这起案件中,新郎明知自己有性病,但其没有报复动机,其只是与新娘结婚,过正常的性生活,因此要说他希望自己的性病传染给新娘就很难说的过去,这就说明其没有直接故意。但是,动机并不是犯罪的必备的要件,那么,新郎的主观方面到底是“间接故意”即明知自己有性病而放任性病传染给新娘,还是“过于自信的过失”即明知自己有性病但轻信能避免传染给新娘呢?在我看来,这就要看新郎所患有的性病是否具有较高传染概率以及新郎是否明知有这种较高传染概率,如果这种性病有较高的传染概率,新郎也明知这种概率,则不管其出于什么动机,可以认为其是一种放任的心态,构成“间接故意”的故意伤害罪;如果这种性病没有较高的传染概率,或者有较高的传染概率但新?并不知道,那么只能认为他的主观心态是一种“过于自信的过失”。从报道上看,新郎明知自己患有严重的性病,且6年未能治好,其行为可能涉嫌“间接故意”的故意伤害罪。 
但是,即使新郎的主观心态是“过于自信的过失”,但从报道来看,新娘患的是“生殖系统衣原体和支原体感染”,这是一种严重的性病,并且让新娘根治困难,这完全可以说给新娘造成了重伤的结果,我认为新郎的行为涉嫌“过失致人重伤罪”。
这起案件其实最应当引起关注的是关于婚内发生的各种侵害对方权益的现象。在传统的观念中,婚内发生的一些事情,即使非常严重,也通常被人包括一些司法人员认为是仅仅是道德问题。其实,法律与道德并没有遥不可及的距离,夫妻的行为严重地侵害了对方的权益,就超出了道德底线,法律必须对其进行规范,在婚内虐待对方等等行为都会受到法律的制裁,近年来,一些司法机关对于“婚内强奸”的案件也作出过有罪判决,也充分体现了法律对于公民权益的保护。因此,我们认为司法机关应当打破传统的观念,在当事人控告前提下,并且行为人的行为涉嫌违法犯罪的情形下,也应当行动起来,该立案的要立案,该侦查的要侦查。
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中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定(附英文)

对外贸易经济合作部 国家工商局


中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定(附英文)

1988年1月1日,外经贸部、国家工商局

第一条 为保护中外合资经营企业(以下简称合营企业)合营各方的合法权益,维护社会经济秩序,根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》及其他有关法规,制定本规定。
第二条 合营各方按照合营合同的规定向合营企业认缴的出资,必须是合营者自己所有的现金,自己所有并且未设立任何担保物权的实物、工业产权、专有技术等。
凡是以实物、工业产权、专有技术作价出资的,出资者应当出具拥有所有权和处置权的有效证明。
第三条 合营企业任何一方不得用以合营企业名义取得的贷款、租赁的设备或者其他财产以及合营者以外的他人财产作为自己的出资,也不得以合营企业的财产和权益或者合营他方的财产和权益为其出资担保。
第四条 合营各方应当在合营合同中订明出资期限,并且应当按照合营合同规定的期限缴清各自的出资。合营企业依照有关规定发给的出资证明书应当报送原审批机关和工商行政管理机关备案。
合营合同中规定一次缴清出资的,合营各方应当从营业执照签发之日起六个月内缴清。
合营合同中规定分期缴付出资的,合营各方第一期出资,不得低于各自认缴出资额的15%,并且应当在营业执照签发之日起三个月内缴清。
第五条 合营各方未能在第四条规定的期限内缴付出资的,视同合营企业自动解散,合营企业批准证书自动失效。合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续,缴销营业执照;不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的,由工商行政管理机关吊销其营业执照,并予以公告。
第六条 合营各方缴付第一期出资后,超过合营合同规定的其他任何一期出资期限三个月,仍未出资或者出资不足时,工商行政管理机关应当会同原审批机关发出通知,要求合营各方在一个月内缴请出资。
未按照前款规定的通知期限缴清出资的,原审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后,合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续,缴销营业执照、并清理债权债务;不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的,工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照,并予以公告。
第七条 合营一方未按照合营合同的规定如期缴付或者缴清其出资的,即■或违约。守约方应当催告违约方在一个月内缴付或者缴清出资,逾期仍未缴付或者缴清的,视同违约方放弃在合营合同中的一切权利,自动退出合营企业。守约方应当在逾期后一个月内,向原审批机关申请批准解散合营企业或者申请批准另找合营者承担违约方在合营合同中的权利和义务。守约方可以依法要求违约方赔偿因未缴付或者缴清出资造成的经济损失。
前款违约方已经按照合营合同规定缴付部分出资的,由合营企业对该出资进行清理。
守约方未按照第一款规定向原审批机关申请批准解散合营企业或者申请批准另找合营者的,审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后,合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续,缴销营业执照;不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的,工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照,并予以公告。
第八条 本规定施行之日前已领取营业执照的合营企业,如合营各方或者任何一方未按照合营合同规定的出资期限缴付其出资的,应当在本规定施行之日起两个月内缴清按照合同规定应当缴付的出资。
在前款规定的期限内仍未缴清其出资的,可按照本规定第五条至第七条的规定办理。
第九条 在本规定施行之日前已领取营业执照的合营企业,如果合营各方未在合营合同中订明各自出资期限,并且未缴清出资的,合营各方应当在本规定施行之日起两个月内,按照本规定签订关于合营各方缴付出资期限的合营合同补充协议,报原审批机关审批,获准后,向工商行政管理机关备案。
前款合营各方在两个月内未签订缴付出资期限补充协议,又未缴清出资,致使合营企业自营业执照签发之日起无法筹建或者无法开业满六个月的,原审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后,合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续,缴销营业执照;不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的,工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照,并予以公告。
第十条 中外合作经营企业合作各方的出资参照本规定执行。
第十一条 本规定自一九八八年三月一日起施行。

Provisions for the Contribution of Capital by Parties to JointVentures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment

(Approved by State Council on December 30, 1987 Promulgated byMinistry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade and State Administrationof Industry and Commerce)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
In accordance with The Law of the People's Republic of China on Joint
Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment and other relevant laws and
regulations, these Provisions are hereby formulated in order to protect
the legitimate rights and interests of parties to joint ventures using
Chinese and foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as joint venture)
and safeguard social economic order
Article 2
Capital put up for the joint venture shall, according to the
provisions of the joint venture contracts, be cash owned by the joint
venture partners, or contributions made in kind which have not been used
as security for guarantee purposes, industrial property and patent
technology.
In case of making contribution in kind or using industrial property
and patented technology as capital, the joint venture partners shall
provide proofs showing their ownership and right of disposition.
Article 3
No joint venture partner shall use loans, leasehold equipment and
other property obtained in the name of the joint venture as its investment
to the joint venture. No joint venture partner is allowed to use property
and equity of the joint venture or property and equity belonged to another
joint venture partner as guarantee for the capital it put up for the joint
venture.
Article 4
Joint venture partners shall agree in the joint venture contract a
time schedule that each partner should follow in putting up their capital
for the joint venture. In accordance with the relevant regulations, the
joint venture shall issue the contribution certificates to the joint
venture partners and the certificates shall be submitted to the original
examination and approval authority and the administration of industry and
commerce for the record.
In case the joint venture contract stipulates that contribution of
capital shall be made in one single installment, all partners to the joint
venture shall do so within six months upon the issuance of the joint
venture's business license.
In case the joint venture contract stipulates that contribution of
capital shall be made in several separate installments, the first
installment from each joint venture partner shall not be less than 15% of
their respective agreed amounts of contribution. All joint venture
partners shall put up their required amounts of capital for the first
installment within three months upon issuance of the joint venture's
business license.
Article 5
If all partners to a joint venture have failed to put up their
required amounts of capital according to the time schedule stipulated in
Article 4, the joint venture shall be considered as dissolved voluntarily.
The joint venture's approval certificate shall automatically become
invalid. The joint venture should go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 6
After the first installment, in case all joint venture partners to a
joint venture have failed, either in part or in full, to put up their
required amounts of capital in a period as long as three months after the
time schedule stipulated in the joint venture contract, the administration
of industry and commerce shall, together with the original examination and
approval authority, issue a notice requiring all the joint venture
partners to put up their capital contributions within one month.
If the parties concerned still fail to put up the required amount of
capital after the time period stipulated in the notice mentioned in the
above paragraph, the original examination and approval authority shall
have the right to revoke the joint venture's approval certificate. After
the revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. The joint
venture shall also settle its credits and debts. The administration of
industry and commerce shall have the right to revoke the business license
of a joint venture and make public announcement to that effect if the
joint venture has failed to go through the formalities for nullifying the
registration and hand in its business license for cancellation as
required.
Article 7
A joint venture partner will be considered "breaching the contract"
if it has failed to put up or contribute fully its required capitals
according to the agreed time schedule in the joint venture contract. The
other joint venture partner(s) which has fulfilled the contribution
obligation shall then inform and urge the breaching party to fulfill its
obligation within an one-month period. If the breaching party still fails
to fulfill the capital contribution obligations, the breaching party will
be considered "voluntarily withdrawing" from the joint venture and
"voluntarily surrendering" all its rights to the joint venture. The
abiding party shall then apply to the original examination and approval
authority to either dissolve the joint venture or to look for another
joint venture partner to undertake the obligations and rights of the
breaching party as provided in the original joint venture contract. The
abiding party shall have the right to make claim for compensation as a
result of the breaching party's failure to fulfill its capital
contribution obligations.
The partial contribution made by the breaching party according to the
joint venture contract shall be settled or liquidated by the joint
venture.
In case the abiding party has failed to apply according to the first
paragraph of Article 7 to the original examination and approval authority
for dissolving the joint venture or to look for a new joint venture
partner, the original examination and approval authority shall have the
right to revoke the approval certificate of the joint venture. After the
revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 8
Joint venture partners (all or an individual party) of any joint
venture which has obtained its business license prior to the
implementation of the present set of Provisions are required to fulfill
their capital contribution obligations within a two-month period starting
from the date of implementation of the present set of Provisions if they
have not done so as required in the time schedule agreed in the joint
venture contract.
If a joint venture partner has not fulfilled its capital contribution
obligations as required in the above paragraph, provisions contained in
Article 5, Article 6 and Article 7 of the present set of Provisions shall
apply.
Article 9
Joint venture partners of any joint venture which has obtained its
business license prior to the implementation of the present set of
Provisions shall sign an additional agreement specifying the time limit
for capital contribution according to requirements of the present set of
Provisions within a two-month period starting from the date of
implementation of the present set of Provisions if the original joint
venture contract does not contain an item to that effect and they have not
put up the required amounts of capital accordingly. The additional
agreement shall be submitted to the original examination and approval
authority for approval. If approval is granted, the additional agreement
shall be submitted to the administration of industry and commerce for the
record.
The original examination and approval authority shall have the right
to revoke a joint venture approval certificate in case the joint venture
partners have failed to sign an additional agreement and put up the
required amounts of contribution within the two-month period as mentioned
in the above paragraph and their failure has caused a delay in
construction or operation of the joint venture for as long as six months
starting from the date of issuance of its business license. After the
revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 10
Matters concerning the contribution of capital by parties to
Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures shall be handled with reference
to the present set of Provisions.
Article 11
The present set of Provisions shall enter into force on March 1,
1988.


轻工业部、财政部、国家劳动总局关于手工业合作工厂劳动保险福利待遇标准和劳保费用列支问题的通知

轻工业部 财政部 等


轻工业部、财政部、国家劳动总局关于手工业合作工厂劳动保险福利待遇标准和劳保费用列支问题的通知

1977年12月14日,轻工业部、财政部、国家劳动总局

手工业合作工厂,是手工业合作组织中的高级形式,企业具有一定规模,机械化程度、劳动生产率都较高,为国家提供的积累也较大,供产销和劳动工资已纳入了计划,它已经是“在形式上是集体所有,在实际上成了全民所有”的企业。
几年来,随着生产的发展,手工业合作工厂职工的劳动保险福利待遇标准和福利基金提取比例以及劳动保险费用列支等问题,经当地党委和有关部门批准同意,绝大多数地区已经按照当地国营企业的有关规定执行,为了做到制度的统一和便于加强管理,现作如下规定,希按照执行。
一、手工业合作工厂职工的劳动保险福利待遇标准,可以按照国家和省、市、自治区对国营企业的有关规定执行。
二、手工业合作工厂的福利基金,可以按照当地国营企业的比例提取;所支付的劳动保险费用,可在“营业外”列支,原规定按工资总额提取百分之一点五作为退休费的统筹基金,应即停止执行。已提取的统筹基金结余,由主管部门掌握,作为手工业合作社(组)职工退休之用。
三、尚未按上述规定提取福利基金和列支劳动保险费用的单位,可以从一九七七年一月一日起执行。
职工的劳动保险待遇,从一九七八年一月一日起改按上述规定执行,在这以前已退休的职工,仍应按原来的标准发给退休费,不再变动。